Hasil Pemilihan Umum Tahun 1971 di tingkat Provinsi dengan perbatasan provinsi yang disesuaikan dengan Tahun 2008
Kajian
Indonesia Update speech: 1998 1998-01-01 {Each year in September, the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia,
hosts the “Indonesia Update”, a gathering of analysts, researchers, policy makers,
officials, academics and students interested in contemporary Indonesian
developments. It is a marvelous and multi–disciplinary series of exchanges. I had the
privilege of being a presenter at the 1998 Indonesia Update – the first to take place
following the resignation of former President Soeharto.}
”There was no real ”lender of last resort”, offering long–term loans for infrastructural
development of the … economy and stabilizing the temporary disjunctions in the
international accounts.
These structural inadequacies were concealed … when vast sums of dollars flowed
out of the US in short term loans to … governments …, all willing to offer high
interest rates in order to use such funds – not always wisely – both for development
and to close the gap in their balance of payments. With short term money thus being
employed for long term projects, with considerable amounts of investment … still
going into agriculture and thus increasing the downward pressure on farm prices,
with the costs of servicing these debts rising alarmingly and, since they could not be
paid off by exports, being sustained only by further borrowings, the system was
already breaking down in the summer …
The ending of that boom … and the further reduction in American lending then
instigated a chain reaction which appeared uncontrollable: the lack of credit reduced
both investment and consumption; depressed demand ... hurt producers of foodstuffs
and raw materials, who responded desperately by increasing supply and then
witnessing the near collapse of prices – making it impossible for them in turn to
purchase manufactured goods. Deflation, … devaluing the currency, restrictive
measures on commerce and capital, and defaults upon international debts were all
the various expedients of the day …”
The reference to the summer was not the summer of 1997. It was the summer of 1928
in the lead up the Great Depression. The Governments were not those of emerging
South East Asia. They were the Governments of emerging East and Central Europe.1 Speech by Kevin Evans, Strategist with ANZIB (Australia New Zealand Investment
Bank), Jakarta to the Indonesia Update. This Update is a gathering in September each
year of Indonesian experts and is conducted at the Australian National University,
Canberra). This speech was the economic presentation for the 1998 Indonesia
Update.
